Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome
Approved by the Cancer.Net Editorial Board, 04/2014
What is juvenile polyposis syndrome?
Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) is a hereditary condition that is characterized by the presence of hamartomatous polyps in the digestive tract. Hamartomas are noncancerous (benign) masses of normal tissue that build up in the intestines or other places. These masses are called polyps if they develop inside a body structure, such as the intestines. The term “juvenile polyposis” refers to the type of polyp (juvenile polyp) that is found after examination of the polyp under a microscope, not the age at which people are diagnosed with JPS.
Polyps may frequently develop in a person with JPS by age 20. The number of polyps a person has during his or her lifetime can range from around five to more than 100. Most juvenile polyps are noncancerous, but there is an increased risk of cancer of the digestive tract (such as stomach, small intestine, colon, and rectum cancers) in families with JPS.
JPS is suspected when a person’s symptoms and family history fit one of the following categories:
- More than five juvenile polyps of the colon and/or rectum
- Multiple juvenile polyps throughout the digestive tract
- Any number of juvenile polyps and a family history of juvenile polyps
What causes JPS?
JPS is a genetic condition. This means that the risk for polyps and cancer can be passed from generation to generation in a family. Two genes have been linked to JPS. They are called BMPR1A and SMAD4. A mutation (alteration) in either the BMPR1Agene or the SMAD4 gene makes a person more likely to develop juvenile polyps and cancer of the digestive tract over his or her lifetime. Not all families that have JPS will have mutations in BMPR1A or SMAD4. Other genes are being studied regarding their link to JPS.
How is JPS inherited?
Normally, every cell has two copies of each gene: one inherited from the mother and one inherited from the father. JPS follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, in which a mutation needs to happen in only one copy of the gene for the person to have an increased risk of getting that disease. This means that a parent with a gene mutation may pass along a copy of their normal gene or a copy of the gene with the mutation. Therefore, a child who has a parent with a mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting that mutation. A brother, sister, or parent of a person who has a mutation also has a 50% chance of having the same mutation.
Options exist for couples interested in having a child when they know that one of them carries a gene mutation that increases the risk for this hereditary cancer syndrome. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a medical procedure done in conjunction with in-vitro fertilization (IVF). It allows people who carry a specific known genetic mutation to have children who do not carry the mutation. A woman’s eggs are removed and fertilized in a laboratory. When the embryos reach a certain size, one cell is removed and is tested for the hereditary condition in question. The parents can then choose to transfer embryos which do not have the mutation. PGD has been in use for over a decade, and more recently has been used for several hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes. For more information, talk with an assisted reproduction specialist at a fertility clinic.
How common is JPS?
It is estimated that between one in 16,000 and one in 100,000 people has JPS.
How is JPS diagnosed?
A diagnosis of JPS is assumed if a person’s symptoms and family history fits one of the three categories listed above. People who have JPS can have a blood test to look for a mutation in the BMPR1A gene or the SMAD4 gene. If a specific gene mutation is found, other family members may be diagnosed with JPS if they are tested and have the same gene mutation.
It is likely that there are other genes associated with JPS that have not yet been identified, so a blood test result that comes back as “negative” (meaning a gene mutation cannot be found) does not necessarily mean that a person does not have JPS. Therefore, meeting with a health professional who specializes in genetics, such as a genetic counselor or medical geneticist (a doctor with training in genetic diseases and conditions), is recommended for people who have a family history or symptoms that suggests JPS.
What are the estimated cancer risks associated with JPS?
People with JPS are considered to be at an increased risk for colorectal, stomach, small intestine, and pancreatic cancers. The overall estimated cancer risk associated with JPS is 9% to 50%, but the risks for each specific type of cancer have not been determined.
What are the screening options for JPS?It is important to discuss with your doctor the following screening options, as each individual is different:
- Any signs of rectal bleeding, anemia, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, or other changes in the stool should be brought to the attention of a doctor and evaluated.
- A complete blood count (CBC, a blood test), colonoscopy, and upper endoscopy should be done at age 15 (or earlier if there are symptoms); if test results are normal, they should be repeated every three years.
- Screening of the digestive tract should be done every year. If polyps are found, they should be removed.
- Individuals who develop large numbers of polyps may need to have surgery to remove part of the colon or stomach.
Screening options may change over time as new technologies are developed and more is learned about JPS. It is important to talk with your doctor about appropriate screening tests.
Learn more about what to expect when having common tests and procedures and scans.
Questions to ask the doctor
If you are concerned about your risk of colorectal cancer or other types of cancer, talk with your doctor. Consider asking the following questions of your doctor:
- What is my risk of developing cancer in the digestive tract?
- How many colon polyps have I had in total?
- What type of colon polyps have I had? (The two most common types are hyperplastic polyps [noncancerous growths in the lining of the colon] and adenomatous polyps [growths in the lining of the colon that can become cancerous].)
- What can I do to reduce my risk of cancer?
- What are my options for cancer screening?
If you are concerned about your family history and think your family may have JPS, consider asking the following questions:
- Does my family history increase my risk for colorectal cancer or other types of cancer?
- Should I meet with a genetic counselor?
- Should I consider genetic testing?
Additional resources
Colon Cancer Alliance
www.ccalliance.org
www.ccalliance.org
C3: Colorectal Cancer Coalition
www.fightcolorectalcancer.org
www.fightcolorectalcancer.org
To find a genetic counselor in your area, ask your doctor or visit the following websites:
National Society of Genetic Counselors
www.nsgc.org
www.nsgc.org
National Cancer Institute: Cancer Genetics Services Directory
www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/genetics/directory
www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/genetics/directory
- 資料來源：美國臨床腫瘤醫學會 (American Society of Clinical Oncology, ASCO)
- http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/juvenile-polyposis-syndrome
胰臟癌，胰腺癌，胰臟腫瘤，pancreatic cancer，malignant tumor，tumor，cancer，pancreatic cancer therapy，胰臟癌治療，胰臟癌治癒，惡性腫瘤，腺癌，神經內分泌腫瘤，黃疸，糖尿病，大腸癌，肺癌，肝癌，乳癌，口腔癌，攝護腺癌，胃癌，皮膚癌，甲狀腺癌，食道癌，癌症治療，癌末，轉移，標靶藥物，化療，放療，療效，安寧療護，安寧照護，安寧照顧，氫水,氫分子、氫氣、健康氫水,水素水,負電位,ORP,抗氧化,抗自由基,氫分子醫學,氫水,Hydrogen water,氫氣、氫,台灣氫水研究中心,氫思語,孫學軍,太田成男,鹼性離子水,小分子水,能量水,電解水,富氫水,負氫水,活水,健康,養生,活力,大氫鬆,小氫鬆,氫水機,水素,水素水機,王群光,氫氧機,綠加利,活美水素水,低氘水,活性原子氫,富氫水,負氫水,每日水素,活氫水,氫氧造水機,百樂,負氫,氫博士,氫水棒,氫源,新德美,HOH,鹼性活氫水,氫美機,負氫離子水,氫氣棒,呼吸氫氣,氫氧療法,加氫水,氫水、健康氫水、水素水、負電位
沒有留言:
張貼留言